電梯控制系統的結構組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)拖(tuo)(tuo)動系統(tong)(tong)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)邏輯(ji)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)拖(tuo)(tuo)動控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分主(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)垂直方向(xiang)主(zhu)拖(tuo)(tuo)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和轎廂(xiang)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，其性(xing)能對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)乘客的(de)舒(shu)適感有著重要(yao)影(ying)響。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)邏輯(ji)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分則是由眾多呼叫按(an)鈕(niu)、傳感器、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器、指示燈和控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分的(de)核心器件(jian)(PLC)等組成(cheng)(cheng)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)安全町靠運(yun)行(xing)的(de)關鍵，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)自動化程度(du)的(de)重要(yao)標志。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)拖(tuo)(tuo)動系統(tong)(tong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)行(xing)速(su)度(du)為控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目標，以(yi)給(gei)定速(su)度(du)曲線作(zuo)為依據(ju)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)模擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)裝(zhuang)置或(huo)數字控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)裝(zhuang)置，針對(dui)曳引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機的(de)不(bu)同(tong)調(diao)速(su)方式構成(cheng)(cheng)閉環或(huo)開(kai)環的(de)速(su)度(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)，從而實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)動狀(zhuang)態的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)邏輯(ji)系統(tong)(tong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)操縱(zong)調(diao)度(du)為控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目標，以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)空間距離和時(shi)間間隔的(de)嚴密配合為依據(ju)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)直接或(huo)間接控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)手段，完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)行(xing)過(guo)程的(de)協調(diao)動作(zuo)，實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)服務運(yun)行(xing)的(de)安全、高效、舒(shu)適。

電梯控制系統設計的思路

通過分析電梯(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求，首先選擇合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)PLC。PLC是(shi)整個(ge)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心部件(jian)(jian)，它對保證系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術指標和質量是(shi)至(zhi)關(guan)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。根據系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)要(yao)求合理分配I/O接口，編制(zhi)(zhi)PLC的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)l/O地址分配表，并繪制(zhi)(zhi)I/O端子接線(xian)閑，最后編寫電梯(ti)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)，其(qi)包括PLC控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)和上(shang)位機控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)。編制(zhi)(zhi)PLC控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)需(xu)要(yao)深(shen)入(ru)了解電梯(ti)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求與主要(yao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本方(fang)法以及(ji)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)應完(wan)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動作、自動工(gong)作循環的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成(cheng)和必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護等方(fang)面(mian)，可將電梯(ti)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)任務分解為獨侈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾個(ge)部分，利用結構化(hua)模塊化(hua)方(fang)法進(jin)行編程。人(ren)機界(jie)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)PLC控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，對電梯(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)一管理至(zhi)關(guan)重要(yao)。

電梯控制系統的軟件設計

電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟件設計(ji)是PLC電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵環節。在其(qi)(qi)軟件設計(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)，一要(yao)(yao)堅持功(gong)能(neng)(neng)完善(shan)、面(mian)面(mian)俱到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則，保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)安全(quan)有效(xiao)地運行；二要(yao)(yao)遵循結構簡練、易讀易改的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則，盡(jin)量減少程序(xu)量，采(cai)用模塊化(hua)設計(ji)，充分利用PLC中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種指令優化(hua)程序(xu)，縮(suo)短(duan)PLC程序(xu)掃描時(shi)(shi)(shi)間，保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統實(shi)際上(shang)是一個人機(ji)交瓦式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統，并且電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)在運行中(zhong)各種輸(shu)入信(xin)號(hao)是隨(sui)機(ji)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，即存(cun)在很多不確定(ding)因素。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)又(you)有大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自鎖，互鎖關系(xi)(xi)，故單純采(cai)用順序(xu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不能(neng)(neng)滿足控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，因此電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統采(cai)用隨(sui)機(ji)邏(luo)輯(ji)方式(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即在以順序(xu)邏(luo)輯(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)，根據(ju)隨(sui)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入信(xin)號(hao)，以及電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)應(ying)狀態適時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行。結合拖動系(xi)(xi)統，PLC接收來(lai)自操縱盤和(he)(he)每層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼叫信(xin)號(hao)、轎(jiao)廂(xiang)和(he)(he)廳(ting)(ting)門系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)信(xin)號(hao)以及井道和(he)(he)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態信(xin)號(hao)，經程序(xu)判斷(duan)與運算實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集選控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。PLC在輸(shu)出顯示和(he)(he)監控(kong)信(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)(shi)(shi)，根據(ju)隨(sui)機(ji)邏(luo)輯(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，向(xiang)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)發出運行方向(xiang)、啟動、加／減速運行和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動停(ting)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)等信(xin)號(hao)。由(you)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)根據(ju)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規律和(he)(he)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)算法來(lai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)，當系(xi)(xi)統出現(xian)故障時(shi)(shi)(shi)，PLC向(xiang)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)發出信(xin)號(hao)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)各個廳(ting)(ting)門和(he)(he)轎(jiao)廂(xiang)操縱盤上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)通過(guo)廳(ting)(ting)門、轎(jiao)廂(xiang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)以串行通信(xin)方式(shi)送入PLC，完成電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作全(quan)過(guo)程。

根(gen)據(ju)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)電(dian)氣控(kong)制要求(qiu)，電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)總是按照一定(ding)的(de)程(cheng)序重復地進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動作(zuo)，電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)循環過(guo)程(cheng)為：檢(jian)測呼(hu)叫／選層信號，判(pan)斷電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)方向，起動運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，在運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)順(shun)向截梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、呼(hu)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)轎內選擇(ze)記憶等操作(zuo)，到達(da)層站時(shi)，執行(xing)(xing)(xing)開門、關(guan)門程(cheng)序。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在實(shi)際運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)的(de)PLC控(kong)制功能流程(cheng)圖如圖4所示。PLC上電(dian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)首先進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)自檢(jian)，確定(ding)無故障后，開始控(kong)制電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)情況可分為靜止和(he)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)作(zuo)兩(liang)個狀態。

①在靜(jing)止(zhi)狀態下(xia)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)停于(yu)某層，這(zhe)時電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)所(suo)接受的信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號有(you)兩類(lei)：來(lai)自其它(ta)層的呼(hu)叫信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號，PLC根據呼(hu)叫信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號的響應流程，做(zuo)出上行(xing)或(huo)下(xia)行(xing)的決定，使曳引電(dian)(dian)機得電(dian)(dian)上升或(huo)下(xia)降(jiang)；電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)停靠的本層有(you)呼(hu)叫信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號，則執行(xing)開關(guan)門(men)的程序，而后根據選(xuan)層信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號，電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)上行(xing)或(huo)下(xia)行(xing)。

②電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)正在(zai)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)狀態(tai)：如果是下行(xing)(xing)，只響(xiang)應下招呼梯(ti)信號(hao)；上(shang)行(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中只響(xiang)應上(shang)招信號(hao)。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)在(zai)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中具(ju)有樓層(ceng)指示和上(shang)行(xing)(xing)或下行(xing)(xing)的狀態(tai)指示，這樣可(ke)以使(shi)轎廂內(nei)外(wai)的乘客清楚的知道(dao)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)狀態(tai)。

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